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MAWDUDI AND THE MAKING OF ISLAMIC REVIVALISM Mawlana Mawdudi MAWDUDI AND THE MAKING OF ISLAMIC REVIVALISM Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1996 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Calcutta Cape Town Oar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1996 by Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, 1960Mawdudi and the making of Islamic revivalism / Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. Includes bibliographical references (p. ISBN 0-19-509695-9 1. Maudoodi, Syed Abul'Ala, d 1903-1979. Jama'at-i Islami-yi Pakistan—Biography, 1.
1977'092—dc20 95-22 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For my father, my first teacher This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I would like to thank the American Institute of Pakistan Studies and its director, Charles H. Kennedy, the Joint Committee on South Asia of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Faculty Research Grant Committee of the University of San Diego for fellowships between 1989 and 1994 to carry out the research for this book. This study has been enriched by discussions with a number of colleagues. In particular, I would like to thank Charles J. Adams, Daniel Brown, Sikandar Hayat, Karen Leonard, Barbara D.
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Metcalf, Francis Robinson, John O. Voll, Myron Weiner, and Stanley Wolpert. Noman ul-Haq made invaluable comments on my translation of Urdu passages and especially Mawdudi's poetry.
Mumtaz Ahmad, Zafar Ishaq Ansari, John L. Esposito, and Seyyed Hossein Nasr read some or all of the chapters, corrected many misperceptions, and made useful comments for which I am most grateful. I am especially in John Esposito's and Mumtaz Ahmad's debt: John for his unrelenting support from the very beginning of this project and Mumtaz for his meticulous observations, which have improved this study immensely, and for pointing out important nuances in discussing Mawdudi's life and thought, all along guiding me to valuable sources. In Pakistan and India, Israr Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Khwaja Amanu'llah, the late Allahbakhsh K. Brohi, Javid Ahmadu'l-Ghamidi, Sayyid As'ad Gilani, Begum Abidah Gurmani, Maryam Jameelah Sahibah, Begum Mahmudah Mawdudi, Mian Tufayl Muhammad, Mawlana Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali Nadwi, Hakim Muhammad Sa'id, and the late Ja'far Qasmi shared their recollections of Mawlana Mawdudi with me and were of great assistance in locating important sources. I am indebted to them all.
Muhammad Suhayl Umar deserves a special note of thanks; this book would not have been possible without his support and advice. Various themes of this book were presented at seminars at Columbia University, Harvard University, the University of California at Los Angeles, and the University of Pennsylvania, all in 1994. I am grateful for the comments of those who attended those sessions. Viii Acknowledgments Margaret Sevcenko has, as always, done a superb job of editing this book and making it more readable, and Cynthia Read and the editorial staff of Oxford University Press have done a wonderful job of producing it. Of course, none of those mentioned here are in any way responsible for the views expressed in the following pages. Contents Note on Transliteration and References, x Introduction, 3 I. The Mujaddid from Hyderabad 1.
The Formative Years, 9 2. The Turn to Revivalism, 27 II. Islam Reinterpreted 3. Faith and Ideology, 49 4. The Islamic Revolution, 69 5. The Islamic State, 80 6. An Old Mandate in a New Age: Mawdudi's Authority, 126 Appendix: Mawdudi's Poetry, 141 Notes, 143 Glossary, 187 Bibliography, 193 Index, 213 Note on Transliteration and References All Urdu, Arabic, and Persian words have been cited using a simplified transliteration system that eliminates diacritical marks other than the 'ayn and hamzah.
Vowels are rendered by i, u, and a; on occasion, e or o is substituted to convey a spelling more in line with the local pronunciation of the name or source cited. The use oi u instead of w and ia as opposed to iya reflects the closest approximation to the local pronunciation of the name or source in question. Well-known terms, such as jihad, nizam, purdah, and ulama, appear in anglicized form. El croquis mvrdv pdf merger. A glossary of Arabic, Persian, and Urdu/Hindi terms is provided at the end of this book to make the reading easier. Personal names are rendered in accordance with the transliteration rules cited here, even when they are not spelled that way by the persons in question. The only exceptions are names such as Khomeini, Bhutto, or Ayub Khan, where the particular spelling has become established in Western literature.